Agriculture in Ancient India with Reference to Indian Knowledge System

CMA (DR) KINNARRY THAKKAR

Professor, Head, Department of Commerce,

University of Mumbai,

Kalina Campus, Mumbai

and

MS. JYOTI TUPE

Assistant Professor

B.K. Birla College of Arts, Commerce and Science College

(Empowered Autonomous Status), Kalyan

Abstract : Agriculture is the core of human civilization, It began around thousands of years back when humans shifted from hunting and started living in gathering and settling down in one place. They started growing their own food and raising animals was the start of agriculture. Agriculture formed the backbone of ancient Indian civilization and played a crucial role in shaping its economy, society, and culture. Agricultural practices in ancient India were deeply rooted in indigenous knowledge, environmental understanding, and sustainable use of natural resources. Early Indian farmers developed systematic methods of soil classification, crop selection, irrigation, and seasonal planning based on close observation of nature. Ancient texts such as the Vedas, Arthashastra, Krishi Parashara, Vrikshayurveda, and Brihat Samhita provide valuable insights into traditional farming techniques, crop rotation, use of organic manures, water management, and plant protection methods. Irrigation systems like wells, tanks, canals, and rainwater harvesting supported agricultural productivity. The integration of agriculture with livestock rearing further strengthened rural livelihoods. This study highlights how ancient Indian agricultural practices were scientific, sustainable, and knowledge-driven, offering valuable lessons for modern agriculture. Understanding these traditional practices through the Indian Knowledge System framework helps revive eco-friendly and resilient farming models relevant to contemporary agricultural challenges.

Keywords:1. Ancient Indian Agriculture 2. Indian Knowledge System (IKS) 3. Sustainable Farming Practices 4. Traditional Agricultural Techniques